Conflict Resolution

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google3 min readCurated summary

Towards developing future-ready skills with generative AI

Vantage is a Google Research experiment that uses generative AI to assess durable “future-ready” skills such as critical thinking, collaboration, conflict resolution, and creativity. It places students in realistic conversations with AI teammates, dynamically introduces challenges, and evaluates performance against educational rubrics. A study with New York University found that AI-generated scores agreed with human expert ratings at a comparable level to agreement between human raters. ## Why Future-Ready Skills Are Difficult to Measure - Skills such as collaboration, creative thinking, and conflict resolution are increasingly important as technology changes work and education. - Traditional tests are too rigid to capture how people think, communicate, and respond in realistic situations. - Human-based assessments can be resource-intensive, difficult to standardize, and dependent on whether challenging situations arise naturally. - Vantage aims to make these skills measurable, scalable, and useful for guiding instruction and student growth. ## AI-Simulated Team Assessments - Students participate in open-ended tasks, such as preparing a debate or pitching a creative idea, alongside AI avatars. - An “Executive LLM” uses an assessment rubric to manage the conversation and introduce targeted challenges, such as disagreement or conflict. - This adaptive process is designed to elicit enough evidence to assess a particular skill while keeping the interaction natural. - An “AI Evaluator” reviews the conversation transcript using the same rubric. - Students receive a visual skill map and qualitative feedback describing their demonstrated strengths and areas for improvement. ## Validation with New York University - Google Research partnered with NYU to align Vantage’s tasks and scoring criteria with established educational rubrics. - The joint study involved 188 U.S. participants aged 18–25 and focused on conflict resolution and project management. - Researchers tested whether the Executive LLM could steer conversations toward specific skills. - Steered conversations produced significantly more skill-relevant information than conversations involving independent, uncoordinated AI avatars. - The AI Evaluator’s scores showed agreement with human expert ratings comparable to the agreement between two human raters. - The results suggest that LLM-based assessment can provide a scalable alternative for evaluating complex interpersonal skills. ## Additional Research - Google also collaborated with OpenMic to study creativity and English language arts. - The collaboration analyzed work from 180 students completing creative multimedia assignments, including character interviews and literature-related media articles. - These studies tested whether the evaluation approach could extend beyond collaboration-focused tasks. Vantage is available in English through Google Labs as a research experiment. Its approach could help educators provide more consistent practice, evidence-based feedback, and scalable assessment for skills that conventional tests struggle to capture.

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figma3 min readCurated summary

Multiplayer Editing in Figma | Figma Blog

Figma’s multiplayer editing release made real-time collaboration a core part of its design workflow. The company replaced a simple whole-document save-and-upload model after it caused overwrites, stale links, and confusing collaboration problems. Although multiplayer required major changes to conflict resolution, undo/redo, layout behavior, file formats, and performance, Figma concluded that it ultimately simplified the user experience. ## Why the Original Saving Model Failed - Early Figma downloaded documents locally, let users edit in the browser, and periodically uploaded the entire document. - This approach was easy to build and familiar to users of syncing services such as Dropbox. - In team settings, however: - Users could unknowingly overwrite one another’s work. - Shared links could display an outdated version while changes were still saving. - Version history preserved data, but did not prevent collaboration mistakes. - Alternatives such as “baton-passing,” where only one person could edit at a time, lacked the simplicity and flexibility Figma wanted. ## How Figma’s Multiplayer Engine Works - Each user’s changes are sent to the server and broadcast to other participants in real time. - Independent simultaneous changes can coexist. - When users modify the same property on the same object, Figma resolves the conflict by selecting the latest change. - Implementing this model required changing fundamental parts of the editor rather than adding multiplayer as a separate synchronization layer. ## Undo, Redo, and Conflict Resolution - Undo becomes ambiguous when other users modify the same objects afterward. - Figma adopted a guiding principle: undoing actions, copying something, and redoing back to the present should leave the document unchanged. - Redo therefore cannot simply reapply the original edits, since that might overwrite newer work by collaborators. - Conflict resolution also had to account for: - Related properties that must be changed together. - Actions that indirectly affect multiple objects. - Layout operations where apparently unrelated edits can interact. - These requirements led Figma to revise aspects of its layout system. ## Performance and File-Format Changes - Professional-quality multiplayer required extensive measurement and tuning. - Figma overhauled its file format because the previous representation was inefficient for transmitting small incremental messages. - The team expected additional challenges as new collaborative features were introduced. ## A Simpler Collaborative Experience - Multiplayer reduced UX complexity by eliminating workarounds for stale files, overwrites, and coordination. - Users can see collaborators’ mouse cursors and selections, providing immediate context about who is present and where they are working. - Cursors can also serve as lightweight communication tools, such as pointing at an object or getting someone’s attention. - Each participant appears as an avatar in the top-right corner. - Clicking an avatar lets one user present to another, making presentations opt-in rather than forcing a single presenter and synchronized viewing mode. Figma’s experience suggests that real-time collaboration is best treated as a foundational part of the editor. Despite the substantial engineering investment, multiplayer editing can make collaborative software both more powerful and easier to use.

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